2014
Fu M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Clèries R, Villalbí JR, Daynard RA, Connolly GN, Fernández E.
Opposite trends in the consumption of manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes in Spain (1991-2020). Journal Article
BMJ Open. 2014;4:e006552.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid25500162,
title = {Opposite trends in the consumption of manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes in Spain (1991-2020)},
author = {Fu M and Martínez-Sánchez JM and Clèries R and Villalbí JR and Daynard RA and Connolly GN and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006552},
issn = {2044-6055},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-12-01},
journal = {BMJ Open},
volume = {4},
number = {12},
pages = {e006552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe trends in the consumption of manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes between 1991 and 2012 in Spain, and to project these trends up to 2020.nnMETHODS: We estimated daily consumption per capita during 1991-2012 using data on sales of manufactured cigarettes (20-packs) and rolling tobacco (kg) from the Tobacco Market Commission, and using data of the Spanish adult population from the National Statistics Institute. We considered different weights (0.5, 0.8 and 1 g) to compute the number of rolled cigarettes per capita. We computed the annual per cent of change and assessed possible changes in trends using joinpoint regression, and projected the consumption up to 2020 using Bayesian methods.nnRESULTS: Daily consumption per capita of manufactured cigarettes decreased on average by 3.0% per year in 1991-2012, from 7.6 to 3.8 units, with three trend changes. However, daily consumption per capita of roll-your-own cigarettes increased on average by 14.1% per year, from 0.07 to 0.92 units of 0.5 g, with unchanged trends. Together, daily consumption per capita decreased between 2.9% and 2.5%, depending on the weight of the roll-your-own cigarettes. Projections up to 2020 indicate a decrease of manufactured cigarettes (1.75 units per capita) but an increase of roll-your-own cigarettes (1.25 units per capita).nnCONCLUSIONS: While the consumption per capita of manufactured cigarettes has decreased in the past years in Spain, the consumption of roll-your-own cigarettes has increased at an annual rate around 14% over the past years. Whereas a net decrease in cigarette consumption is expected in the future, use of roll-your-own cigarettes will continue to increase.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe trends in the consumption of manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes between 1991 and 2012 in Spain, and to project these trends up to 2020.nnMETHODS: We estimated daily consumption per capita during 1991-2012 using data on sales of manufactured cigarettes (20-packs) and rolling tobacco (kg) from the Tobacco Market Commission, and using data of the Spanish adult population from the National Statistics Institute. We considered different weights (0.5, 0.8 and 1 g) to compute the number of rolled cigarettes per capita. We computed the annual per cent of change and assessed possible changes in trends using joinpoint regression, and projected the consumption up to 2020 using Bayesian methods.nnRESULTS: Daily consumption per capita of manufactured cigarettes decreased on average by 3.0% per year in 1991-2012, from 7.6 to 3.8 units, with three trend changes. However, daily consumption per capita of roll-your-own cigarettes increased on average by 14.1% per year, from 0.07 to 0.92 units of 0.5 g, with unchanged trends. Together, daily consumption per capita decreased between 2.9% and 2.5%, depending on the weight of the roll-your-own cigarettes. Projections up to 2020 indicate a decrease of manufactured cigarettes (1.75 units per capita) but an increase of roll-your-own cigarettes (1.25 units per capita).nnCONCLUSIONS: While the consumption per capita of manufactured cigarettes has decreased in the past years in Spain, the consumption of roll-your-own cigarettes has increased at an annual rate around 14% over the past years. Whereas a net decrease in cigarette consumption is expected in the future, use of roll-your-own cigarettes will continue to increase.
Martínez C, Fu M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Antón L, Fernández P, Ballbè M, Andrés A, Riccobene A, Sureda X, Gallart A, Fernández E.
Impact of a long-term tobacco-free policy at a comprehensive cancer center: a series of cross-sectional surveys. Journal Article
BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1228.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid25427959,
title = {Impact of a long-term tobacco-free policy at a comprehensive cancer center: a series of cross-sectional surveys},
author = {Martínez C and Fu M and Martínez-Sánchez JM and Antón L and Fernández P and Ballbè M and Andrés A and Riccobene A and Sureda X and Gallart A and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-14-1228},
issn = {1471-2458},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-11-01},
journal = {BMC Public Health},
volume = {14},
pages = {1228},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spain has passed two smoke-free laws in the last years. In 2005, the law banned smoking in indoor places, and in 2010 the ban was extended to outdoor areas of certain premises such as hospitals. This study assesses the impact of smoking consumption among hospital workers at a comprehensive cancer center after the passage of two national smoke-free laws.nnMETHODS: Six cross-sectional surveys were conducted among a representative sample of hospital workers at a comprehensive cancer center in Barcelona (2001-2012) using a standardized questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compare differences in the odds of smoking after the laws took effect (baseline vs. 1st law; 2nd law vs. 1st law).nnRESULTS: Baseline smoking prevalence was 33.1%. After passage of the 1st and 2nd laws, prevalence decreased, respectively, to 30.5% and 22.2% (p for trend =0.005). Prevalence ratios (PR) indicated a significant decrease in overall smoking after the 2nd law (PR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47-0-89). Smoking dropped in all professional groups, more prominently among those ≥35 years old, doctors, and women. Observed trends over the time included an increase in occasional smokers, a rise in abstinence during working hours but an increase in smoking dependence, and an increase in the employees' overall support for the smoke-free hospital project.nnCONCLUSIONS: A long-term tobacco control project combined with two smoke-free national laws reduced smoking rates among health workers and increased their support for tobacco control policies. The decrease was more significant after the passage of the outdoor smoke-free ban.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: Spain has passed two smoke-free laws in the last years. In 2005, the law banned smoking in indoor places, and in 2010 the ban was extended to outdoor areas of certain premises such as hospitals. This study assesses the impact of smoking consumption among hospital workers at a comprehensive cancer center after the passage of two national smoke-free laws.nnMETHODS: Six cross-sectional surveys were conducted among a representative sample of hospital workers at a comprehensive cancer center in Barcelona (2001-2012) using a standardized questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compare differences in the odds of smoking after the laws took effect (baseline vs. 1st law; 2nd law vs. 1st law).nnRESULTS: Baseline smoking prevalence was 33.1%. After passage of the 1st and 2nd laws, prevalence decreased, respectively, to 30.5% and 22.2% (p for trend =0.005). Prevalence ratios (PR) indicated a significant decrease in overall smoking after the 2nd law (PR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47-0-89). Smoking dropped in all professional groups, more prominently among those ≥35 years old, doctors, and women. Observed trends over the time included an increase in occasional smokers, a rise in abstinence during working hours but an increase in smoking dependence, and an increase in the employees' overall support for the smoke-free hospital project.nnCONCLUSIONS: A long-term tobacco control project combined with two smoke-free national laws reduced smoking rates among health workers and increased their support for tobacco control policies. The decrease was more significant after the passage of the outdoor smoke-free ban.
Ballbè M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Sureda X, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, Saltó E, Fernández E.
Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Journal Article
Environ Res. 2014;135:76–80.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid25262078,
title = {Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers},
author = {Ballbè M and Martínez-Sánchez JM and Sureda X and Fu M and Pérez-Ortuño R and Pascual JA and Saltó E and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005},
issn = {1096-0953},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-11-01},
journal = {Environ Res},
volume = {135},
pages = {76--80},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is scarce evidence about passive exposure to the vapour released or exhaled from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) under real conditions. The aim of this study is to characterise passive exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes' vapour and conventional cigarettes' smoke at home among non-smokers under real-use conditions.nnMETHODS: We conducted an observational study with 54 non-smoker volunteers from different homes: 25 living at home with conventional smokers, 5 living with nicotine e-cigarette users, and 24 from control homes (not using conventional cigarettes neither e-cigarettes). We measured airborne nicotine at home and biomarkers (cotinine in saliva and urine). We calculated geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD). We also performed ANOVA and Student's t tests for the log-transformed data. We used Bonferroni-corrected t-tests to control the family error rate for multiple comparisons at 5%.nnRESULTS: The GMs of airborne nicotine were 0.74 μg/m(3) (GSD=4.05) in the smokers' homes, 0.13 μg/m(3) (GSD=2.4) in the e-cigarettes users' homes, and 0.02 μg/m(3) (GSD=3.51) in the control homes. The GMs of salivary cotinine were 0.38 ng/ml (GSD=2.34) in the smokers' homes, 0.19 ng/ml (GSD=2.17) in the e-cigarettes users' homes, and 0.07 ng/ml (GSD=1.79) in the control homes. Salivary cotinine concentrations of the non-smokers exposed to e-cigarette's vapour at home (all exposed ≥ 2 h/day) were statistically significant different that those found in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke ≥ 2 h/day and in non-smokers from control homes.nnCONCLUSIONS: The airborne markers were statistically higher in conventional cigarette homes than in e-cigarettes homes (5.7 times higher). However, concentrations of both biomarkers among non-smokers exposed to conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes' vapour were statistically similar (only 2 and 1.4 times higher, respectively). The levels of airborne nicotine and cotinine concentrations in the homes with e-cigarette users were higher than control homes (differences statistically significant). Our results show that non-smokers passively exposed to e-cigarettes absorb nicotine.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: There is scarce evidence about passive exposure to the vapour released or exhaled from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) under real conditions. The aim of this study is to characterise passive exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes' vapour and conventional cigarettes' smoke at home among non-smokers under real-use conditions.nnMETHODS: We conducted an observational study with 54 non-smoker volunteers from different homes: 25 living at home with conventional smokers, 5 living with nicotine e-cigarette users, and 24 from control homes (not using conventional cigarettes neither e-cigarettes). We measured airborne nicotine at home and biomarkers (cotinine in saliva and urine). We calculated geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD). We also performed ANOVA and Student's t tests for the log-transformed data. We used Bonferroni-corrected t-tests to control the family error rate for multiple comparisons at 5%.nnRESULTS: The GMs of airborne nicotine were 0.74 μg/m(3) (GSD=4.05) in the smokers' homes, 0.13 μg/m(3) (GSD=2.4) in the e-cigarettes users' homes, and 0.02 μg/m(3) (GSD=3.51) in the control homes. The GMs of salivary cotinine were 0.38 ng/ml (GSD=2.34) in the smokers' homes, 0.19 ng/ml (GSD=2.17) in the e-cigarettes users' homes, and 0.07 ng/ml (GSD=1.79) in the control homes. Salivary cotinine concentrations of the non-smokers exposed to e-cigarette's vapour at home (all exposed ≥ 2 h/day) were statistically significant different that those found in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke ≥ 2 h/day and in non-smokers from control homes.nnCONCLUSIONS: The airborne markers were statistically higher in conventional cigarette homes than in e-cigarettes homes (5.7 times higher). However, concentrations of both biomarkers among non-smokers exposed to conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes' vapour were statistically similar (only 2 and 1.4 times higher, respectively). The levels of airborne nicotine and cotinine concentrations in the homes with e-cigarette users were higher than control homes (differences statistically significant). Our results show that non-smokers passively exposed to e-cigarettes absorb nicotine.
Martin-Moreno JM, Ricciardi W, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Maguire P, McKee M.
Ebola: an open letter to European governments. Miscellaneous
2014, ISSN: 1474-547X.
@misc{pmid25263575,
title = {Ebola: an open letter to European governments},
author = {Martin-Moreno JM and Ricciardi W and Bjegovic-Mikanovic V and Maguire P and McKee M},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61611-1},
issn = {1474-547X},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-10-01},
journal = {Lancet},
volume = {384},
number = {9950},
pages = {1259},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Gallus S, Lugo A, Fernandez E, Gilmore AB, Leon ME, Clancy L, La Vecchia C.
Support for a tobacco endgame strategy in 18 European countries. Journal Article
Prev Med. 2014;67:255–258.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid25117519,
title = {Support for a tobacco endgame strategy in 18 European countries},
author = {Gallus S and Lugo A and Fernandez E and Gilmore AB and Leon ME and Clancy L and La Vecchia C},
doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.001},
issn = {1096-0260},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-10-01},
journal = {Prev Med},
volume = {67},
pages = {255--258},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The feasibility of a tobacco endgame strategy, aiming to bring smoking prevalence to near-zero levels, is currently under debate. We provide information on public support for such a strategy in Europe.nnMETHODS: In 2010 we conducted a face-to-face representative survey in 18 European countries (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden). The present analysis is based on 16,947 individuals aged ≥ 15 years providing information on their attitudes towards a complete ban on the use or sale of tobacco.nnRESULTS: Overall, 34.9% of adults (32.8% in men and 37.0% in women; p<0.001) supported a complete ban strategy on use or sale of tobacco, 41.2% of never, 29.4% of ex- and 25.6% of current smokers. The highest support was observed in southern Europe (42.5%), followed by eastern (39.1%), northern (27.5%) and western Europe (23.0%; p<0.001). A significant inverse trend was observed with both age and education.nnCONCLUSION: Approximately one in three adults (and one in four smokers) supports a comprehensive tobacco endgame intervention. This first study in Europe provides a baseline for evaluating future trends in public support for extreme propositions to end or drastically cut smoking.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: The feasibility of a tobacco endgame strategy, aiming to bring smoking prevalence to near-zero levels, is currently under debate. We provide information on public support for such a strategy in Europe.nnMETHODS: In 2010 we conducted a face-to-face representative survey in 18 European countries (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden). The present analysis is based on 16,947 individuals aged ≥ 15 years providing information on their attitudes towards a complete ban on the use or sale of tobacco.nnRESULTS: Overall, 34.9% of adults (32.8% in men and 37.0% in women; p<0.001) supported a complete ban strategy on use or sale of tobacco, 41.2% of never, 29.4% of ex- and 25.6% of current smokers. The highest support was observed in southern Europe (42.5%), followed by eastern (39.1%), northern (27.5%) and western Europe (23.0%; p<0.001). A significant inverse trend was observed with both age and education.nnCONCLUSION: Approximately one in three adults (and one in four smokers) supports a comprehensive tobacco endgame intervention. This first study in Europe provides a baseline for evaluating future trends in public support for extreme propositions to end or drastically cut smoking.
Bilal U, Fernández E, Navas-Acien A, Bolumar F, Franco M.
Five authors reply. Miscellaneous
2014, ISSN: 1476-6256.
@misc{pmid25063815,
title = {Five authors reply},
author = {Bilal U and Fernández E and Navas-Acien A and Bolumar F and Franco M},
doi = {10.1093/aje/kwu185},
issn = {1476-6256},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-09-01},
journal = {Am J Epidemiol},
volume = {180},
number = {6},
pages = {659},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Martínez C, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Robinson G, Bethke C, Fernández E.
Protection from secondhand smoke in countries belonging to the WHO European Region: an assessment of legislation. Journal Article
Tob Control. 2014;23:403–411.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid23596198,
title = {Protection from secondhand smoke in countries belonging to the WHO European Region: an assessment of legislation},
author = {Martínez C and Martínez-Sánchez JM and Robinson G and Bethke C and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050715},
issn = {1468-3318},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-09-01},
journal = {Tob Control},
volume = {23},
number = {5},
pages = {403--411},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Comprehensive smokefree laws, as recommended by the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), are the most effective tool to protect the population from secondhand smoke (SHS) and to ensure healthy environments. Studies evaluating how laws govern SHS protection are scarce. This study assessed the level of protection from SHS of laws from countries belonging to the WHO European Region.nnMETHODS: A new methodology system was developed to evaluate the smokefree legislation according to the principles provided by the WHO guidelines for the correct implementation of Article 8 of the FCTC. For each law, six main sectors and 28 facilities were evaluated.nnRESULTS: Overall 68 laws from 48 countries from the WHO European Region were reviewed. 'Education' and 'Public transport' were the most protected sectors from SHS. Many WHO European laws do not provide protection from SHS across all public sectors. For example, 48.5% of general health facilities and 71.2% of restaurants are unprotected from SHS. The level of protection provided in the 28 facilities studied was low; many WHO European laws still allow smoking under certain conditions, permitting smoking in designated and/or ventilated areas.nnCONCLUSIONS: Nine years after the adoption of the WHO FCTC there are still legal formulas in which smoking is allowed in several facilities, through the inclusion of separated areas, ventilated areas and other conditions. Tobacco control efforts still face the challenge of eradicating the legal clauses that prevent 100% smokefree environments.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVES: Comprehensive smokefree laws, as recommended by the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), are the most effective tool to protect the population from secondhand smoke (SHS) and to ensure healthy environments. Studies evaluating how laws govern SHS protection are scarce. This study assessed the level of protection from SHS of laws from countries belonging to the WHO European Region.nnMETHODS: A new methodology system was developed to evaluate the smokefree legislation according to the principles provided by the WHO guidelines for the correct implementation of Article 8 of the FCTC. For each law, six main sectors and 28 facilities were evaluated.nnRESULTS: Overall 68 laws from 48 countries from the WHO European Region were reviewed. 'Education' and 'Public transport' were the most protected sectors from SHS. Many WHO European laws do not provide protection from SHS across all public sectors. For example, 48.5% of general health facilities and 71.2% of restaurants are unprotected from SHS. The level of protection provided in the 28 facilities studied was low; many WHO European laws still allow smoking under certain conditions, permitting smoking in designated and/or ventilated areas.nnCONCLUSIONS: Nine years after the adoption of the WHO FCTC there are still legal formulas in which smoking is allowed in several facilities, through the inclusion of separated areas, ventilated areas and other conditions. Tobacco control efforts still face the challenge of eradicating the legal clauses that prevent 100% smokefree environments.
Martínez-Sánchez JM, Ballbè M, Fu M, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saltó E, Gottlieb M, Daynard R, Connolly GN, Fernández E.
Electronic cigarette use among adult population: a cross-sectional study in Barcelona, Spain (2013-2014). Journal Article
BMJ Open. 2014;4:e005894.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid25157186,
title = {Electronic cigarette use among adult population: a cross-sectional study in Barcelona, Spain (2013-2014)},
author = {Martínez-Sánchez JM and Ballbè M and Fu M and Martín-Sánchez JC and Saltó E and Gottlieb M and Daynard R and Connolly GN and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005894},
issn = {2044-6055},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-08-01},
journal = {BMJ Open},
volume = {4},
number = {8},
pages = {e005894},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to analyse the prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, purchase location and satisfaction with its use in a sample of the general population of the city of Barcelona, Spain.nnDESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We used participants from a longitudinal study of a representative sample of the adult (≥16 years old) population of Barcelona (336 men and 400 women). The field work was conducted between May 2013 and February 2014. We computed the prevalence, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).nnRESULTS: The prevalence of ever e-cigarette use was 6.5% (95% CI 4.7% to 8.3%): 1.6% current use, 2.2% past use and 2.7% only e-cigarette experimentation. 75% (95% CI 62.8% to 87.3%) of ever e-cigarette users were current cigarette smokers at the moment of the interview. E-cigarette use was more likely among current smokers (OR=54.57; 95% CI 7.33 to 406.38) and highly dependent cigarette smokers (OR=3.96; 95% CI 1.60 to 9.82). 62.5% of the ever users charged their e-cigarettes with nicotine with 70% of them obtaining the liquids with nicotine in a specialised shop. 39.6% of ever e-cigarette users were not satisfied with their use, a similar percentage of not satisfied expressing the smokers (38.9%) and there were no statistically significant differences in the satisfaction between the users of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine.nnCONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use is strongly associated with current smoking (dual use) and most users continue to be addicted to nicotine. Six out of 10 e-cigarette users preferred devices that deliver nicotine. The satisfaction with e-cigarette use is very low.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to analyse the prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, purchase location and satisfaction with its use in a sample of the general population of the city of Barcelona, Spain.nnDESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We used participants from a longitudinal study of a representative sample of the adult (≥16 years old) population of Barcelona (336 men and 400 women). The field work was conducted between May 2013 and February 2014. We computed the prevalence, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).nnRESULTS: The prevalence of ever e-cigarette use was 6.5% (95% CI 4.7% to 8.3%): 1.6% current use, 2.2% past use and 2.7% only e-cigarette experimentation. 75% (95% CI 62.8% to 87.3%) of ever e-cigarette users were current cigarette smokers at the moment of the interview. E-cigarette use was more likely among current smokers (OR=54.57; 95% CI 7.33 to 406.38) and highly dependent cigarette smokers (OR=3.96; 95% CI 1.60 to 9.82). 62.5% of the ever users charged their e-cigarettes with nicotine with 70% of them obtaining the liquids with nicotine in a specialised shop. 39.6% of ever e-cigarette users were not satisfied with their use, a similar percentage of not satisfied expressing the smokers (38.9%) and there were no statistically significant differences in the satisfaction between the users of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine.nnCONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use is strongly associated with current smoking (dual use) and most users continue to be addicted to nicotine. Six out of 10 e-cigarette users preferred devices that deliver nicotine. The satisfaction with e-cigarette use is very low.
Martínez-Sánchez JM, Sureda X, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Ballbè M, López MJ, Saltó E, Pascual JA, Fernández E.
Secondhand smoke exposure at home: assessment by biomarkers and airborne markers. Journal Article
Environ Res. 2014;133:111–116.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid24912142,
title = {Secondhand smoke exposure at home: assessment by biomarkers and airborne markers},
author = {Martínez-Sánchez JM and Sureda X and Fu M and Pérez-Ortuño R and Ballbè M and López MJ and Saltó E and Pascual JA and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.013},
issn = {1096-0953},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-08-01},
journal = {Environ Res},
volume = {133},
pages = {111--116},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We assessed and characterized the relationship among biomarkers of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in non-smokers according to their exposure at home as measured by airborne markers.nnMETHODS: We conducted an observational study on exposure to SHS at home using airborne markers (nicotine and benzene) and biomarkers from the non-smokers living in these homes. We selected 49 non-smoking volunteers from different homes: 25 non-smokers living with at least one smoker and 24 non-smokers living in smoke-free homes. We installed two passive devices to measure nicotine and benzene concentrations in the main room of the house (i.e., the living room). One week later, the researcher returned to the volunteer's home to collect the two devices, obtain saliva and urine samples, and administer a SHS questionnaire.nnRESULTS: Salivary and urinary cotinine concentrations highly correlated with air nicotine concentrations measured at the volunteers'homes (rsp=0.738 and rsp=0.679, respectively). The concentrations of airborne markers of SHS and biomarkers in non-smokers increased with increasing self-reported intensity and duration of SHS exposure at home during the previous week (p<0.05). The multivariable regression model showed a significant association with nicotine in air at home (β=0.126, p=0.002 for saliva and β=0.115, p=0.010 for urine).nnCONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, even in countries with comprehensive smoke-free legislation, exposure to SHS at home continues to be the main source of exposure for non-smokers who live in non-smoke-free homes. Therefore, public health policies should promote smoke-free homes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: We assessed and characterized the relationship among biomarkers of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in non-smokers according to their exposure at home as measured by airborne markers.nnMETHODS: We conducted an observational study on exposure to SHS at home using airborne markers (nicotine and benzene) and biomarkers from the non-smokers living in these homes. We selected 49 non-smoking volunteers from different homes: 25 non-smokers living with at least one smoker and 24 non-smokers living in smoke-free homes. We installed two passive devices to measure nicotine and benzene concentrations in the main room of the house (i.e., the living room). One week later, the researcher returned to the volunteer's home to collect the two devices, obtain saliva and urine samples, and administer a SHS questionnaire.nnRESULTS: Salivary and urinary cotinine concentrations highly correlated with air nicotine concentrations measured at the volunteers'homes (rsp=0.738 and rsp=0.679, respectively). The concentrations of airborne markers of SHS and biomarkers in non-smokers increased with increasing self-reported intensity and duration of SHS exposure at home during the previous week (p<0.05). The multivariable regression model showed a significant association with nicotine in air at home (β=0.126, p=0.002 for saliva and β=0.115, p=0.010 for urine).nnCONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, even in countries with comprehensive smoke-free legislation, exposure to SHS at home continues to be the main source of exposure for non-smokers who live in non-smoke-free homes. Therefore, public health policies should promote smoke-free homes.
Galán I, Mayo E, López MJ, Pérez-Ríos M, Fu M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Schiaffino A, Moncada A, Montes A, Nebot M, Fernández E.
Validity of self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke in hospitality venues. Journal Article
Environ Res. 2014;133:1–3.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid24906061,
title = {Validity of self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke in hospitality venues},
author = {Galán I and Mayo E and López MJ and Pérez-Ríos M and Fu M and Martínez-Sánchez JM and Schiaffino A and Moncada A and Montes A and Nebot M and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.029},
issn = {1096-0953},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-08-01},
journal = {Environ Res},
volume = {133},
pages = {1--3},
abstract = {The aim was to assess the validity of self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in 50 hospitality venues of Madrid (Spain) in 2010, taking as a reference vapour-phase nicotine measured by active sampling. The questions posed in the questionnaire permitted distinguishing between the different levels of SHS. However, the moderate relationship found (Spearman׳s correlation=0.387, p<0.001) suggests that intensity of exposure to SHS in hospitality venues, based solely on self-reported information, should be used with caution.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim was to assess the validity of self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in 50 hospitality venues of Madrid (Spain) in 2010, taking as a reference vapour-phase nicotine measured by active sampling. The questions posed in the questionnaire permitted distinguishing between the different levels of SHS. However, the moderate relationship found (Spearman׳s correlation=0.387, p<0.001) suggests that intensity of exposure to SHS in hospitality venues, based solely on self-reported information, should be used with caution.
Martínez C, Guydish J, Robinson G, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fernández E.
Assessment of the smoke-free outdoor regulation in the WHO European Region. Journal Article
Prev Med. 2014;64:37–40.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid24704133,
title = {Assessment of the smoke-free outdoor regulation in the WHO European Region},
author = {Martínez C and Guydish J and Robinson G and Martínez-Sánchez JM and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.020},
issn = {1096-0260},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-07-01},
journal = {Prev Med},
volume = {64},
pages = {37--40},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the level of protection of secondhand smoke in outdoor locations among countries belonging to the WHO European Region.nnMETHOD: This cross-sectional study measures the level of protection provided by laws in outdoor locations. A protocol to evaluate the outdoor smoke-free legislation was developed according to the recommendations provided by the WHO Guidelines for implementing smoke-free outdoor places. For each law 6 main sectors and 28 outdoor locations were evaluated.nnRESULTS: 68 laws from 48 countries were reviewed, totally assessing 1758 locations. Overall 3.1% of the locations specified 100% smoke-free outdoor regulation without exceptions, 2.5% permitted smoking in designated outdoor areas, 37.5% allowed smoking everywhere, and 56.9% did not provide information about how to deal with smoking in outdoor places. In the Education sector 17.8% of the laws specified smoke-free outdoor regulation, mainly in the primary and secondary schools. Three pioneering laws from recreational locations and two from general health facilities specified 100% outdoor smoke-free regulation.nnCONCLUSION: Outdoor smoke-free policies among countries belonging to the WHO European Region are limited and mainly have been passed in the primary and secondary schools, which protect minors from the hazards of secondhand smoke in educational settings.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the level of protection of secondhand smoke in outdoor locations among countries belonging to the WHO European Region.nnMETHOD: This cross-sectional study measures the level of protection provided by laws in outdoor locations. A protocol to evaluate the outdoor smoke-free legislation was developed according to the recommendations provided by the WHO Guidelines for implementing smoke-free outdoor places. For each law 6 main sectors and 28 outdoor locations were evaluated.nnRESULTS: 68 laws from 48 countries were reviewed, totally assessing 1758 locations. Overall 3.1% of the locations specified 100% smoke-free outdoor regulation without exceptions, 2.5% permitted smoking in designated outdoor areas, 37.5% allowed smoking everywhere, and 56.9% did not provide information about how to deal with smoking in outdoor places. In the Education sector 17.8% of the laws specified smoke-free outdoor regulation, mainly in the primary and secondary schools. Three pioneering laws from recreational locations and two from general health facilities specified 100% outdoor smoke-free regulation.nnCONCLUSION: Outdoor smoke-free policies among countries belonging to the WHO European Region are limited and mainly have been passed in the primary and secondary schools, which protect minors from the hazards of secondhand smoke in educational settings.
Gallus S, Lugo A, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Chaloupka FJ, Colombo P, Currie L, Fernandez E, Fischbacher C, Gilmore A, Godfrey F, Joossens L, Leon ME, Levy DT, Nguyen L, Rosenqvist G, Ross H, Townsend J, Clancy L.
Pricing Policies And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project: cross-national comparison of smoking prevalence in 18 European countries. Journal Article
Eur J Cancer Prev. 2014;23:177–185.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid24441832,
title = {Pricing Policies And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project: cross-national comparison of smoking prevalence in 18 European countries},
author = {Gallus S and Lugo A and La Vecchia C and Boffetta P and Chaloupka FJ and Colombo P and Currie L and Fernandez E and Fischbacher C and Gilmore A and Godfrey F and Joossens L and Leon ME and Levy DT and Nguyen L and Rosenqvist G and Ross H and Townsend J and Clancy L},
doi = {10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000009},
issn = {1473-5709},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-05-01},
journal = {Eur J Cancer Prev},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {177--185},
abstract = {Limited data on smoking prevalence allowing valid between-country comparison are available in Europe. The aim of this study is to provide data on smoking prevalence and its determinants in 18 European countries. In 2010, within the Pricing Policies And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project, we conducted a face-to-face survey on smoking in 18 European countries (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden) on a total of 18 056 participants, representative for each country of the population aged 15 years or older. Overall, 27.2% of the participants were current smokers (30.6% of men and 24.1% of women). Smoking prevalence was highest in Bulgaria (40.9%) and Greece (38.9%) and lowest in Italy (22.0%) and Sweden (16.3%). Smoking prevalence ranged between 15.7% (Sweden) and 44.3% (Bulgaria) for men and between 11.6% (Albania) and 38.1% (Ireland) for women. Multivariate analysis showed a significant inverse trend between smoking prevalence and the level of education in both sexes. Male-to-female smoking prevalence ratios ranged from 0.85 in Spain to 3.47 in Albania and current-to-ex prevalence ratios ranged from 0.68 in Sweden to 4.28 in Albania. There are considerable differences across Europe in smoking prevalence, and male-to-female and current-to-ex smoking prevalence ratios. Eastern European countries, lower income countries and those with less advanced tobacco control policies have less favourable smoking patterns and are at an earlier stage of the tobacco epidemic.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Limited data on smoking prevalence allowing valid between-country comparison are available in Europe. The aim of this study is to provide data on smoking prevalence and its determinants in 18 European countries. In 2010, within the Pricing Policies And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project, we conducted a face-to-face survey on smoking in 18 European countries (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden) on a total of 18 056 participants, representative for each country of the population aged 15 years or older. Overall, 27.2% of the participants were current smokers (30.6% of men and 24.1% of women). Smoking prevalence was highest in Bulgaria (40.9%) and Greece (38.9%) and lowest in Italy (22.0%) and Sweden (16.3%). Smoking prevalence ranged between 15.7% (Sweden) and 44.3% (Bulgaria) for men and between 11.6% (Albania) and 38.1% (Ireland) for women. Multivariate analysis showed a significant inverse trend between smoking prevalence and the level of education in both sexes. Male-to-female smoking prevalence ratios ranged from 0.85 in Spain to 3.47 in Albania and current-to-ex prevalence ratios ranged from 0.68 in Sweden to 4.28 in Albania. There are considerable differences across Europe in smoking prevalence, and male-to-female and current-to-ex smoking prevalence ratios. Eastern European countries, lower income countries and those with less advanced tobacco control policies have less favourable smoking patterns and are at an earlier stage of the tobacco epidemic.
Martínez-Sánchez JM, Blanch C, Fu M, Gallus S, La Vecchia C, Fernández E.
Do smoke-free policies in work and public places increase smoking in private venues?. Journal Article
Tob Control. 2014;23:204–207.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid23619245,
title = {Do smoke-free policies in work and public places increase smoking in private venues?},
author = {Martínez-Sánchez JM and Blanch C and Fu M and Gallus S and La Vecchia C and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050877},
issn = {1468-3318},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-05-01},
journal = {Tob Control},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {204--207},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the implementation of tobacco control policies, particularly smoke-free bans at work and in public places, and smoking prevalence in private venues in the 27 countries of the European Union.nnDESIGN: Ecological study with the country as the unit of analysis.nnDATA SOURCES: Data analysis of tobacco control activities in European countries in 2007 as compiled in the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS) and information on the level of smoking permissiveness in houses and cars from the Special Eurobarometer on Tobacco conducted in 2009.nnANALYSIS: Spearman rank-correlation coefficients (rsp) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.nnRESULTS: The correlation between the TCS score and the prevalence of smoking in private venues (houses and cars) where smoking inside was always allowed was close to zero. A similar lack of association was observed between the TCS score of specific bans at work and in public places and smoking rules inside houses and cars. There was a non-significant direct correlation between the TCS score and the prevalence of smoke-free houses (rsp=0.21, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.55) and a non-significant inverse correlation with smoking allowed in certain rooms inside the house (rsp=-0.34; 95% CI -0.64 to 0.05).nnCONCLUSIONS: Smoke-free legislation in workplaces and public places is not correlated with increased smoking prevalence in private venues (houses and cars) at an ecological level.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the implementation of tobacco control policies, particularly smoke-free bans at work and in public places, and smoking prevalence in private venues in the 27 countries of the European Union.nnDESIGN: Ecological study with the country as the unit of analysis.nnDATA SOURCES: Data analysis of tobacco control activities in European countries in 2007 as compiled in the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS) and information on the level of smoking permissiveness in houses and cars from the Special Eurobarometer on Tobacco conducted in 2009.nnANALYSIS: Spearman rank-correlation coefficients (rsp) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.nnRESULTS: The correlation between the TCS score and the prevalence of smoking in private venues (houses and cars) where smoking inside was always allowed was close to zero. A similar lack of association was observed between the TCS score of specific bans at work and in public places and smoking rules inside houses and cars. There was a non-significant direct correlation between the TCS score and the prevalence of smoke-free houses (rsp=0.21, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.55) and a non-significant inverse correlation with smoking allowed in certain rooms inside the house (rsp=-0.34; 95% CI -0.64 to 0.05).nnCONCLUSIONS: Smoke-free legislation in workplaces and public places is not correlated with increased smoking prevalence in private venues (houses and cars) at an ecological level.
Martínez-Sánchez JM, Gallus S, Lugo A, Fernández E, Invernizzi G, Colombo P, Pacifici R, La Vecchia C.
Smoking while driving and public support for car smoking bans in Italy. Journal Article
Tob Control. 2014;23:238–243.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid23264018,
title = {Smoking while driving and public support for car smoking bans in Italy},
author = {Martínez-Sánchez JM and Gallus S and Lugo A and Fernández E and Invernizzi G and Colombo P and Pacifici R and La Vecchia C},
doi = {10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050700},
issn = {1468-3318},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-05-01},
journal = {Tob Control},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {238--243},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prevalence and correlates of smoking in cars as well as attitudes towards the extension of smoking bans in private vehicles among Italian adults.nnMETHODS: We used data from two surveys conducted in 2011 and 2012 on an overall sample of 6167 individuals representative of the Italian population aged ≥15 years.nnRESULTS: The prevalence of smoking while driving was 65.5% among adult smokers. There was a negative trend with age and a positive one with education level. Smoking while driving was more prevalent among men, heavy smokers and smokers who believe there is little or no increased risk of accidents from smoking while driving. Among smokers who smoke while driving, 20.9% smoke in cars carrying children. Overall, 79.6% of Italians (88.2% non-smokers and 48.8% current smokers) support a ban on smoking in cars, and 92.5% (95.0% non-smokers and 83.5% current smokers) support such a ban in cars carrying children.nnCONCLUSIONS: Despite the high percentage of smokers who smoke in private vehicles, the majority of the Italian population (including smokers) support the introduction of a smoking ban in cars, particularly in cars carrying children. Smoke-free laws should therefore be extended to private vehicles, particularly if they are carrying children. Moreover, warning labels on cigarette packages should include information on the increased risk of accidents when smoking while driving. Mass media campaigns should also consider targeting this topic.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prevalence and correlates of smoking in cars as well as attitudes towards the extension of smoking bans in private vehicles among Italian adults.nnMETHODS: We used data from two surveys conducted in 2011 and 2012 on an overall sample of 6167 individuals representative of the Italian population aged ≥15 years.nnRESULTS: The prevalence of smoking while driving was 65.5% among adult smokers. There was a negative trend with age and a positive one with education level. Smoking while driving was more prevalent among men, heavy smokers and smokers who believe there is little or no increased risk of accidents from smoking while driving. Among smokers who smoke while driving, 20.9% smoke in cars carrying children. Overall, 79.6% of Italians (88.2% non-smokers and 48.8% current smokers) support a ban on smoking in cars, and 92.5% (95.0% non-smokers and 83.5% current smokers) support such a ban in cars carrying children.nnCONCLUSIONS: Despite the high percentage of smokers who smoke in private vehicles, the majority of the Italian population (including smokers) support the introduction of a smoking ban in cars, particularly in cars carrying children. Smoke-free laws should therefore be extended to private vehicles, particularly if they are carrying children. Moreover, warning labels on cigarette packages should include information on the increased risk of accidents when smoking while driving. Mass media campaigns should also consider targeting this topic.
Martínez-Sánchez JM, Curto A, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E.
[Prevalence of children under the age of 14 years exposed to secondhand smoke in vehicles in the city of Barcelona]. Miscellaneous
2014, ISSN: 1695-9531.
@misc{pmid24094367,
title = {[Prevalence of children under the age of 14 years exposed to secondhand smoke in vehicles in the city of Barcelona]},
author = {Martínez-Sánchez JM and Curto A and Martín-Sánchez JC and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.06.006},
issn = {1695-9531},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-01},
journal = {An Pediatr (Barc)},
volume = {80},
number = {3},
pages = {193--195},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Martínez-Sánchez JM, Ballbè M, Fu M, Martín-Sánchez JC, Gottlieb M, Saltó E, Vardavas CI, Daynard R, Connolly GN, Fernández E.
Attitudes towards electronic cigarettes regulation in indoor workplaces and selected public and private places: a population-based cross-sectional study. Journal Article
PLoS One. 2014;9:e114256.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid25469996,
title = {Attitudes towards electronic cigarettes regulation in indoor workplaces and selected public and private places: a population-based cross-sectional study},
author = {Martínez-Sánchez JM and Ballbè M and Fu M and Martín-Sánchez JC and Gottlieb M and Saltó E and Vardavas CI and Daynard R and Connolly GN and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0114256},
issn = {1932-6203},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {PLoS One},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {e114256},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Currently, there is an intensive debate about the regulation of the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in indoor places. The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes toward e-cigarette use in indoor workplaces and selected public and private venues among the general population in Barcelona (Spain) in 2013-2014.nnMETHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the population of Barcelona (n = 736). The field work was conducted between May 2013 and February 2014. We computed the prevalence and the adjusted odds ratios (OR) derived from multivariable logistic regression models.nnRESULTS: The awareness of e-cigarettes was 82.3%. Forty five percent of respondents did not agree with the use of e-cigarettes in public places and 52.3% in workplaces. The proportion of disapproval of the use of e-cigarettes in indoor places was higher at 71.5% for schools and 65.8% for hospitals and health care centers; while the prevalence of disapproval of e-cigarette use in homes and cars was lower (18.0% and 32.5%, respectively). Respondents who disagreed on the use of e-cigarettes in indoor workplaces were more likely to be older (OR = 1.64 and 1.97 for groups 45-64 and ≧65 years old, respectively), those with a high educational level (OR = 1.60), and never and former smokers (OR = 2.34 and 2.16, respectively). Increased scores in the Fagerström test for cigarette dependence were also related to increased support for their use.nnCONCLUSIONS: Based on this population based study, half of the general population of Barcelona does not support the use of e-cigarettes in indoor workplaces and public places, with the percentage reaching 65% for use in schools, hospitals and health care centers. Consequently, there is good societal support in Spain for the politicians and legislators to promote policies restricting e-cigarettes use in workplaces and public places, including hospitality venues.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: Currently, there is an intensive debate about the regulation of the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in indoor places. The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes toward e-cigarette use in indoor workplaces and selected public and private venues among the general population in Barcelona (Spain) in 2013-2014.nnMETHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the population of Barcelona (n = 736). The field work was conducted between May 2013 and February 2014. We computed the prevalence and the adjusted odds ratios (OR) derived from multivariable logistic regression models.nnRESULTS: The awareness of e-cigarettes was 82.3%. Forty five percent of respondents did not agree with the use of e-cigarettes in public places and 52.3% in workplaces. The proportion of disapproval of the use of e-cigarettes in indoor places was higher at 71.5% for schools and 65.8% for hospitals and health care centers; while the prevalence of disapproval of e-cigarette use in homes and cars was lower (18.0% and 32.5%, respectively). Respondents who disagreed on the use of e-cigarettes in indoor workplaces were more likely to be older (OR = 1.64 and 1.97 for groups 45-64 and ≧65 years old, respectively), those with a high educational level (OR = 1.60), and never and former smokers (OR = 2.34 and 2.16, respectively). Increased scores in the Fagerström test for cigarette dependence were also related to increased support for their use.nnCONCLUSIONS: Based on this population based study, half of the general population of Barcelona does not support the use of e-cigarettes in indoor workplaces and public places, with the percentage reaching 65% for use in schools, hospitals and health care centers. Consequently, there is good societal support in Spain for the politicians and legislators to promote policies restricting e-cigarettes use in workplaces and public places, including hospitality venues.
Sureda X, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Martínez C, Carabasa E, López MJ, Saltó E, Pascual JA, Fernández E.
PLoS One. 2014;9:e89430.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid24586774,
title = {Impact of the Spanish smoke-free legislation on adult, non-smoker exposure to secondhand smoke: cross-sectional surveys before (2004) and after (2012) legislation},
author = {Sureda X and Martínez-Sánchez JM and Fu M and Pérez-Ortuño R and Martínez C and Carabasa E and López MJ and Saltó E and Pascual JA and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0089430},
issn = {1932-6203},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {PLoS One},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {e89430},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2006, Spain implemented a national smoke-free legislation that prohibited smoking in enclosed public places and workplaces (except in hospitality venues). In 2011, it was extended to all hospitality venues and selected outdoor areas (hospital campuses, educational centers, and playgrounds). The objective of the study is to evaluate changes in exposure to secondhand smoke among the adult non-smoking population before the first law (2004-05) and after the second law (2011-12).nnMETHODS: Repeated cross-sectional survey (2004-2005 and 2011-2012) of a representative sample of the adult (≥ 16 years) non-smoking population in Barcelona, Spain. We assess self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (at home, the workplace, during leisure time, and in public/private transportation vehicles) and salivary cotinine concentration.nnRESULTS: Overall, the self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke fell from 75.7% (95%CI: 72.6 to 78.8) in 2004-05 to 56.7% (95%CI: 53.4 to 60.0) in 2011-12. Self-reported exposure decreased from 32.5% to 27.6% (-15.1%, p<0.05) in the home, from 42.9% to 37.5% (-12.6%, p=0.11) at work/education venues, from 61.3% to 38.9% (-36.5%, p<0.001) during leisure time, and from 12.3% to 3.7% (-69.9%, p<0.001) in public transportation vehicles. Overall, the geometric mean of the salivary cotinine concentration in adult non-smokers fell by 87.2%, from 0.93 ng/mL at baseline to 0.12 ng/mL after legislation (p<0.001).nnCONCLUSIONS: Secondhand smoke exposure among non-smokers, assessed both by self-reported exposure and salivary cotinine concentration, decreased after the implementation of a stepwise, comprehensive smoke-free legislation. There was a high reduction in secondhand smoke exposure during leisure time and no displacement of secondhand smoke exposure at home.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: In 2006, Spain implemented a national smoke-free legislation that prohibited smoking in enclosed public places and workplaces (except in hospitality venues). In 2011, it was extended to all hospitality venues and selected outdoor areas (hospital campuses, educational centers, and playgrounds). The objective of the study is to evaluate changes in exposure to secondhand smoke among the adult non-smoking population before the first law (2004-05) and after the second law (2011-12).nnMETHODS: Repeated cross-sectional survey (2004-2005 and 2011-2012) of a representative sample of the adult (≥ 16 years) non-smoking population in Barcelona, Spain. We assess self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (at home, the workplace, during leisure time, and in public/private transportation vehicles) and salivary cotinine concentration.nnRESULTS: Overall, the self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke fell from 75.7% (95%CI: 72.6 to 78.8) in 2004-05 to 56.7% (95%CI: 53.4 to 60.0) in 2011-12. Self-reported exposure decreased from 32.5% to 27.6% (-15.1%, p<0.05) in the home, from 42.9% to 37.5% (-12.6%, p=0.11) at work/education venues, from 61.3% to 38.9% (-36.5%, p<0.001) during leisure time, and from 12.3% to 3.7% (-69.9%, p<0.001) in public transportation vehicles. Overall, the geometric mean of the salivary cotinine concentration in adult non-smokers fell by 87.2%, from 0.93 ng/mL at baseline to 0.12 ng/mL after legislation (p<0.001).nnCONCLUSIONS: Secondhand smoke exposure among non-smokers, assessed both by self-reported exposure and salivary cotinine concentration, decreased after the implementation of a stepwise, comprehensive smoke-free legislation. There was a high reduction in secondhand smoke exposure during leisure time and no displacement of secondhand smoke exposure at home.
Martínez-Sánchez JM, Curto A, Fu M, Martínez C, Sureda X, Ballbè M, Fernández E.
Safety belt and mobile phone usage in vehicles in Barcelona (Spain). Journal Article
Gac Sanit. 2014;28:305–308.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid24576721,
title = {Safety belt and mobile phone usage in vehicles in Barcelona (Spain)},
author = {Martínez-Sánchez JM and Curto A and Fu M and Martínez C and Sureda X and Ballbè M and Fernández E},
doi = {10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.01.002},
issn = {1578-1283},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Gac Sanit},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {305--308},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence and correlates of safety belt and mobile phone usage in vehicles in the city of Barcelona (Spain).nnMETHODS: We performed a study using direct observation with a cross-sectional design. We selected 2,442 private cars, commercial vehicles, and taxis from all districts of Barcelona.nnRESULTS: The prevalence of people not wearing safety belt was 10.5% among drivers, 4.6% among front seat passengers, and 32.2% among some of the rear passengers. It was higher among the passengers than among the drivers, regardless of the type of the vehicle. The prevalence of mobile phone usage while driving during a moment of the trip was 3.8%.nnCONCLUSION: Our study shows noticeably high prevalence of people not wearing safety belt in the rear seats. Moreover, four out of one hundred drivers still use the mobile phone while driving during a moment of the trip.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence and correlates of safety belt and mobile phone usage in vehicles in the city of Barcelona (Spain).nnMETHODS: We performed a study using direct observation with a cross-sectional design. We selected 2,442 private cars, commercial vehicles, and taxis from all districts of Barcelona.nnRESULTS: The prevalence of people not wearing safety belt was 10.5% among drivers, 4.6% among front seat passengers, and 32.2% among some of the rear passengers. It was higher among the passengers than among the drivers, regardless of the type of the vehicle. The prevalence of mobile phone usage while driving during a moment of the trip was 3.8%.nnCONCLUSION: Our study shows noticeably high prevalence of people not wearing safety belt in the rear seats. Moreover, four out of one hundred drivers still use the mobile phone while driving during a moment of the trip.
Bilal U, Fernández E, Beltran P, Navas-Acien A, Bolumar F, Franco M.
Validation of a method for reconstructing historical rates of smoking prevalence. Journal Article
Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179:15–19.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid24077091,
title = {Validation of a method for reconstructing historical rates of smoking prevalence},
author = {Bilal U and Fernández E and Beltran P and Navas-Acien A and Bolumar F and Franco M},
doi = {10.1093/aje/kwt224},
issn = {1476-6256},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Am J Epidemiol},
volume = {179},
number = {1},
pages = {15--19},
abstract = {The validity of methods for reconstructing historical rates of smoking prevalence has not been assessed before. Our objective was to assess their validity. We reconstructed smoking prevalence rates for each calendar year from 1940 to 2007 for men and women in Spain, using data on ages of smoking initiation and cessation available in the Spanish National Health Surveys of 2003-2004 and 2006-2007. To assess the validity of the reconstruction, we computed the differences between the reconstructed smoking prevalence and the contemporary observed smoking prevalence measured in the Spanish National Health Surveys of 1987, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 2001. We also compared reconstructed smoking prevalence trends with 35-year lagged lung cancer mortality rates in Spain as a proxy for the real prevalence trends. Reconstructed smoking prevalence rates compared with contemporary measured rates showed small differences in men (between -2.1% and 2.1%) and an overestimation in women (between 2.0% and 5.7%). Reconstructed smoking prevalence trends were significantly correlated with lagged lung cancer mortality trends (P = 0.004 for men, P < 0.0001 for women). The reconstruction of smoking prevalence rates through this methodology offers a feasible tool with which countries lacking previous smoking surveys can understand historical trends in their tobacco epidemic, which aids in designing and implementing adequate tobacco control interventions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The validity of methods for reconstructing historical rates of smoking prevalence has not been assessed before. Our objective was to assess their validity. We reconstructed smoking prevalence rates for each calendar year from 1940 to 2007 for men and women in Spain, using data on ages of smoking initiation and cessation available in the Spanish National Health Surveys of 2003-2004 and 2006-2007. To assess the validity of the reconstruction, we computed the differences between the reconstructed smoking prevalence and the contemporary observed smoking prevalence measured in the Spanish National Health Surveys of 1987, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 2001. We also compared reconstructed smoking prevalence trends with 35-year lagged lung cancer mortality rates in Spain as a proxy for the real prevalence trends. Reconstructed smoking prevalence rates compared with contemporary measured rates showed small differences in men (between -2.1% and 2.1%) and an overestimation in women (between 2.0% and 5.7%). Reconstructed smoking prevalence trends were significantly correlated with lagged lung cancer mortality trends (P = 0.004 for men, P < 0.0001 for women). The reconstruction of smoking prevalence rates through this methodology offers a feasible tool with which countries lacking previous smoking surveys can understand historical trends in their tobacco epidemic, which aids in designing and implementing adequate tobacco control interventions.